Specialty:
Year Introduced: 1998
Description: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) provides recommendations for the screening for iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women and implementing universal iron supplementation.
Use: Treatment is recommended in all women with hemoglobin levels below 10.2 g/dL in the third trimester. However, treatment is recommended only in non-Black women with hemoglobin levels in the range of 10.2 to 11.0 g/dL.
Rationale: The distributions of hemoglobin concentrations were found to be lower among Black women compare to white women, and it is presumed that applying the same criteria for anemia to all races results in a higher rate of false-positive cases of iron deficiency for Black women.
Variables: ,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2012
Description: Estimates references values for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).
Use: Reference values for FEV1 and FVC are lower for Black individuals (13%) and Asian individuals (7%).
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, it is presumed that different lung functions exist among racial and ethnic minority groups.
Variables: ,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2003
Description: Estimates glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine levels and derived from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study
Use: The eGFR for Black patients is multiplied by 1·161 the eGFR for white patients.
Rationale: Black patients are presumed to have more muscle mass and a higher rate of creatinine generation than patients of other races.
Variables: ,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2009
Description: Estimates risk of post-transplant kidney graft failure from a particular deceased donor.
Use: Due to a regression coefficient (0.179) not present in other races, African American deceased donors increase the risk of kidney graft failure. As a result, African American donors are predicted to lead to a 20% increase in risk of kidney graft failure.
Rationale: The presence of 2 apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene variants is associated with a 2-fold increased risk of kidney graft failure compared with donors with 1 or 0 APOL1 gene variants, and African Americans have a higher prevalence of 2 APOL1 gene variants.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,
Race: ,,,,,
Ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2009
Description: Estimates the chance of successful vaginal delivery after prior cesarean section delivery.
Use: African American women and Hispanic/Latina women are predicted to have a lower chance of successful vaginal delivery. The reductions in the chance of success for African American (0.671) and Hispanic/Latina (0.680) women are nearly as large as the benefit from prior vaginal delivery (0.888) or prior VBAC (1.003).
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of successful vaginal delivery after prior cesarean section delivery is lower in Black and Latina women than women of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2018
Description: Predicts the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile children 2 years of age or younger to guide decisions about when to pursue urine testing for definitive diagnosis.
Use: The calculator assigns the lowest probability of UTI to Black children and the highest probability to white children.
Rationale: Epidemiological data on febrile children in the emergency department found the highest prevalence of UTI among white girls and nonblack boys.
Variables: ,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2018
Description: Predicts complications and death in common cardiac surgeries.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black patients have increased risk of complications and death.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Black patients have a higher incidence of complications and death in cardiac surgery compared to patients of other races.
Variables: ,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2014
Description: Estimates 10-year primary risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) among patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease who are between 40 and 79 years of age.
Use: African American patients are predicted to have a higher risk of ASCVD compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on community-based cohorts of adults, the incidence of ASCVD is higher in African American patients compared to white patients.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2014
Description: Provides recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of hypertension, including initial medication choices.
Use: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are recommended as initial medication choices in nonblack patients but not in Black patients.
Rationale: ACE-inhibitor and ARB use are associated with higher risk of stroke and poorer control of blood pressure in Black patients than in nonblack patients.
Variables: ,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2010
Description: Predicts in-hospital mortality in patients with acute heart failure.
Use: All other parameters being the same, nonblack patients have an increased probability of death.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, nonblack patients have a higher incidence of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute heart failure than Black patients.
Variables: ,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2016
Description: Estimates risk of cerebral bleeding in patients treated with thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction.
Use: Black patients are assigned a higher score indicating a higher risk of cerebral bleeding compared to other races.
Rationale: Studies show that Black patients are at higher risk of cerebral bleeding.
Variables: ,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity:
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2017
Description: Calculates a person's 10-year risk of developing a heart attack or stroke.
Use: UK-based ethnicity is used to adjust the score. The highest risk is assigned to Bangladeshi patients (20.1%) and the lowest risk to Black Caribbean patients (8.3%).
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate varying rates of heart attack or stroke in various ethnic populations.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2015
Description: American Diabetes Association (ADA) provides recommendations for the screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Use: Testing for diabetes is recommended in Asian American individuals with BMI ≥23 while testing is recommended in individuals of other races with BMI ≥25.
Rationale: At similar BMI levels, it is presumed that Asian patients develop more visceral fat than peripheral fat, thereby increasing their risk for insulin resistance.
Variables: ,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2008
Description: Estimates 10-year probability of major osteoporosis-related fracture.
Use: The U.S. calculator assigns a lower fracture risk if a female patient is identified as Black (by a factor of 0.43), Asian (0.50), or Hispanic (0.53).
Rationale: Different geographical and ethnic minority populations are presumed to have varied relative risks of fracture on the basis of epidemiological data.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 1998
Description: Stratifies osteoporosis risk in post-menopausal women.
Use: Nonblack patients are assigned 5 additional points and a higher risk.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women is higher among nonblack patients.
Variables: ,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2020
Description: Estimates risk of progression to severe COVID-19 leading to ICU admission or death.
Use: Risk varies with race when all other parameters remain the same with Asian patients followed by Black patients at increased risk compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate varying rates of progression to severe COVID-19 in various racial populations.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2012
Description: Estimates probability of undiagnosed HIV infection.
Use: Probability varies with race when all other parameters remain the same with Black patients followed by Hispanic patients at increased risk compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate higher HIV prevalence in Hispanic and Black patients.
Variables: ,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2020
Description: Estimates probability of positive COVID-19 test result.
Use: Probability varies with race when all other parameters remain the same with Black patients at increased risk compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate varying rates of positive COVID-19 test results in various racial populations.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2020
Description: Estimates risk of hospitalization in COVID-19.
Use: Risk varies with race when all other parameters remain the same with Asian patients followed by Black patients at increased risk compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate varying rates of hospitalization in COVID-19 in various racial populations.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2013
Description: Estimates glomerular filtration rate in patients with acutely changing creatinine.
Use: Use of the MDRD glomerular filtration rate equation leads to higher predicted GFR in black patients.
Rationale: Based on the MDRD GFR equation which presumes that Black patients have more muscle mass and a higher rate of creatinine generation than patients of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2016
Description: Predicts a woman’s risk of developing stress and urgency urinary incontinence and adverse events 12 months after sling surgery.
Use: When all other parameters are held constant, the calculator assigns a higher risk to non-Caucasian women.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of stress and urgency urinary incontinence and adverse events after sling surgery is higher among non-Caucasian women.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2011
Description: Estimates the risk for fetal growth restriction (birth weight <5th percentile for gestational age).
Use: For the same parameters, Afro-Caribbean and South Asian women have a higher risk of fetal growth restriction than Caucasian women.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of fetal growth restriction is higher in Afro-Caribbean women and South Asian women than Caucasian women.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2021
Description: Estimates the risk for fetal macrosomia (birth weight >90th percentile for gestational age).
Use: For the same parameters, Afro-Caribbean (6.4%) and South Asian (8.7%) women have a lower risk for fetal macrosomia than Caucasian (11.9%) women.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of fetal macrosomia is lower in Afro-Caribbean women and East Asian women than Caucasian women.
Variables: ,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2015
Description: Estimates the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus.
Use: For the same parameters, East Asian (1 in 30), South Asian (1 in 38), and Black (1 in 55) women have a higher risk of gestational diabetes than white (1 in 86) women.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of gestational diabetes is higher in East Asian women, South Asian women and Black women than white women.
Variables: ,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2011
Description: Estimates the risk for miscarriage at 12-24 weeks.
Use: In comparison to other races, Afro-Caribbean (4.7%) and Mixed (3.5%) women have a higher risk of miscarriage at 12-24 weeks than Caucasian (1.6%), East Asian (1.6%), and South Asian (1.6%) women .
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of miscarriage at 11-24 weeks of pregnancy is higher in Afro-Caribbean and Mixed women than Caucasian women, East Asian women and South Asian women.
Variables: ,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2018
Description: Estimates the risk of preterm preeclampsia during first, second and third trimester of pregnancy.
Use: In comparison to women of other races, Black women are assigned a lower risk of preterm preeclampsia for the same parameters.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of preeclampsia is lower in Black women than women of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2011
Description: Estimates the risk for spontaneous birth at <34 weeks.
Use: For the same parameters, Afro-Caribbean women (1 in 67) have a higher risk of preterm birth at <34 weeks than Caucasian women (1 in 117).
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of preterm birth at <34 weeks is higher in Afro-Caribbean women than Caucasian women.
Variables: ,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2018
Description: Estimates the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) < 10th percentile in pregnant women.
Use: For the same parameters, Black women (1 in 30) have a higher risk of delivering a small for gestational age neonate than Caucasian women (1 in 55).
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of delivering a small for gestational age neonate is higher in Black women than Caucasian women.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2022
Description: Predicts the risk of still birth in pregnant women.
Use: For the same parameters, Black women (1 in 227) have higher rate of stillbirth than white, South Asian, East Asian and Mixed women (all 1 in 455).
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of stillbirth is higher in Black women than white women, East Asian women, South Asian women and Mixed women.
Variables: ,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2020
Description: Estimates the risks for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 at 11-13 weeks’ gestation.
Use: Despite the inclusion of race as an input, there is no difference in risk based on maternal race.
Rationale: Rationale for including race is unclear.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2013
Description: Predicts a woman’s probability of developing urinary or fecal incontinence after her first delivery.
Use: The calculator assigns different risk probabilities based on race when all other parameters are held constant.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of urinary or fecal incontinence is highest among Asian women, followed by Black women, and lowest among white women.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2012
Description: Estimates 5-year and 10-year mastectomy-free survival in older women with early breast cancer.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black women have reduced mastectomy-free survival probability compared to white women.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Black women have a lower incidence of 5-year and 10-year mastectomy-free survival than white women.
Variables: ,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2015
Description: Estimates 5- and 10-year risk of developing breast cancer in women who have no personal history of the disease.
Use: American Indian, Black, Hispanic, and Asian women are predicted to have a lower risk of developing breast cancer than women of other races.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, American Indian, Black, Hispanic, and Asian women have lower incidence of breast cancer than women of other races.
Variables: ,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2019
Description: Estimates risk of developing breast cancer in women using the BOADICEA Model.
Use: Ashkenazi Jewish women are predicted to have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Ashkenazi Jewish women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than women of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2021
Description: Estimates risk of developing ovarian cancer in women using the Ovarian Cancer Model.
Use: Ashkenazi Jewish women are predicted to have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Ashkenazi Jewish women have a higher incidence of ovarian cancer than women of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2009
Description: Estimates 5-year conditional cancer-specific survival in patients with colon cancer.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black patients have slightly reduced survival probability (1%) compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Black patients have a lower incidence of survival than white patients.
Variables: ,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 1989
Description: Estimates risk of developing breast cancer in women.
Use: African American patients are predicted to have a lower risk of developing breast cancer than patients of other races.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, African American women have a lower incidence of breast cancer than women of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2013
Description: Estimates probability of developing lung cancer in 6 years.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black and Native Pacific islander/Hawaiian patients have higher risk compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Black and Native Pacific islander/Hawaiian patients have a higher incidence of lung cancer than white patients.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 1992
Description: Estimates 5-year and lifetime risk of developing invasive breast cancer in women who have no personal history of the disease.
Use: African American, Hispanic/Latina, and Asian American women are predicted to have a lower risk of developing breast cancer than women of other races.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, African American, Hispanic/Latina,and Asian American women have a lower incidence of breast cancer than women of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2012
Description: Estimates 3-year conditional cancer-specific survival in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black patients have reduced survival probability compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Black patients have a lower incidence of survival than white patients.
Variables: ,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2013
Description: Estimates 1-5 year conditional survival in rectal cancer.
Use: Black patients have a higher regression coefficient (1.18 - 1.72) than white patients, who have a regression coefficient of 1. As a result, black patients are predicted to have lower conditional survival than white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, Black patients with rectal cancer have lower survival than white patients.
Variables: ,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 1999
Description: Estimates expected peak expiratory flow from actual peak flow rate.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black patients are assigned lower expected peak expiratory flow compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate Black patients have lower limits and higher variability due to a smaller trunk to leg ratio.
Variables: ,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2016
Description: Estimates risk of in-hospital postoperative myocardial infarction after infrainguinal bypass.
Use: All other parameters being the same, the risk varies with race; the risk is lowest for Black patients, then white patients, and highest for patients in the others category.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate varying rates of in-hospital postoperative myocardial infarction in various racial populations.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2016
Description: Estimates risk of in-hospital postoperative myocardial infarction after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
Use: All other parameters being the same, non-white patients have higher risk compared to white patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data that indicate varying rates of in-hospital postoperative myocardial infarction in various racial populations.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2014
Description: Predicts likelihood of ureteral stone in nontoxic-appearing patients with flank pain.
Use: The likelihood of a ureteral stone is predicted on a 13-point scale, with a higher score indicating a higher risk; three additional points are assigned for Caucasian patients.
Rationale: Based on epidemiological data, the incidence of ureteral stone in nontoxic-appearing patients with flank pain is higher among Caucasian patients.
Variables: ,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2024
Description: Predicts operative mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing isolated tricuspid valve repair or replacement.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black patients are predicted to have increased morbidity, prolonged ventilation, and longer hospital stays, although having slightly lower operative mortality.
Rationale: Based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database, Black patients have a higher incidence of morbidity, prolonged ventilation, and longer hospital stays, although having slightly lower operative mortality in isolated tricuspid valve repair or replacement compared to patients of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2024
Description: Predicts operative mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
Use: All other parameters being the same, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Black and Hispanic patients are predicted to have increased mortality and morbidity. All other parameters being the same, Black patients are predicted to have increased stroke, renal failure, longer hospital stays, and repeat operation.
Rationale: Based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Black and Hispanic patients have a higher incidence of mortality and morbidity in surgical aortic valve replacement after transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared to patients of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,,
Specialty:
Year Introduced: 2022
Description: Predicts operative mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing multi-valve surgery involving replacement of the aortic valve, plus replacement or repair of the mitral valve, with and without concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting.
Use: All other parameters being the same, Black patients are predicted to have increased morbidity and longer hospital stays, although having slightly lower operative mortality.
Rationale: Based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database, Black patients have a higher incidence of morbidity and longer hospital stays, although having slightly lower operative mortality in multi-valve surgery compared to patients of other races.
Variables: ,,,,,,,,,,,
Race and ethnicity: ,,,,,,